Perfect Fifths

For your instrument to sound its best, it has to be in tune. Like any instrument, the violin has its own set of general steps for tuning. However, you can still make a lot of decisions on your own, such as whether to use a keyboard, an electronic violin tuner, or even an online violin tuner.The strings of the violin were originally made of catgut, which actually refers to the intestines of sheep, not cats. Metal windings became popular in the 19^th century, and strings today are commonly made of a synthetic or steel core wound with metal strands. However, natural gut strings can still be found at low prices. The expected lifespan of a string will depend on the brand, the material, and the playing style.Like other stringed instruments, the violin is tuned in intervals of perfect fifths (sound familiar?). The standard tuning is G-D-A-E. Nonstandard tunings are by no means rare, though. Known as scordatura in classical music and cross-tuning in some folk traditions, nonstandard tunings are used to impart unique sounds to various pieces. Examples include tuning the E string down to E flat for Saint-Sans’ Danse Macabre, and tuning E to E flat and G to G sharp for Bla Bartk’s Contrasts.No matter what the tuning, you should always begin by tuning the A string to a standard pitch (generally A 440). On a piano, this is the A directly above middle C. When tuning, the A peg should be on the upper right side of the pegbox. Many people begin by first loosening the string (turning it toward your body). Be careful not to tighten the peg too far, as this can damage both the string and the instrument (by exerting too much pressure on the bridge).After A is tuned to the proper pitch, proceed to D (second from the left), then G (farthest left), then E (farthest left). Of course, this is assuming you have a violin with four strings. While these are indeed recommended for beginners, some violins may have as many as seven strings. Any instrument with a playing length equal to that of a standard violinslightly less than 330 mmcan also be called a violin. The extra strings are generally tuned to C, F, and B flat, below the pitch of the G-string.